Crime Is A Socially Constructed Phenomenon - 1547 Words

Crime is a socially constructed phenomenon. It is not static but dynamic and is defined into existence. It changes over time and place. For example, early definitions of crime such as classicism defined individuals as rational, free and responsible for their own actions. The emergence of positivism was an attempt to bring scientific methodology to criminology. Positivists believe in objectively quantifying cause and effect. In the early twentieth century a sociological lens was applied. Functionalist sociologists such as Durkheim argued that crime had a positive function for society by reinforcing societal norms and values (Ziyanak and Williams 2014). Anomie and strain theory proposed later by Robert Merton examined how poorer classes experienced frustration through lack of opportunities leading to strain. There are many others including labelling, control and cultural deviance, however; this shows that our understanding of criminology is not static and like crime itself it changes o ver time and place. This essay will specifically relate to adult male offenders. It will begin by giving a brief definition of crime. It will apply strain theory to attempt to explain why crime occurs and provide a critique. It will examine the welfarist approach during the early 1970s and will go onto look at the controversial phrase ‘nothing works’, which emanated from a paper in 1974 by Robert Martinson. This will be followed by the shift to ‘what works?’ evidence based practice. The Risk,Show MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Sociological Imagination870 Words   |  4 PagesFor decades, there have been many questions that sociologists generally ask themselves when examining a social phenomenon. One well known sociologist is C. Wright Mills. Mills came up with the concept of sociological imagination. It is used to describe the ability of individuals to think away from routines that they are used to in everyday life and look at them from an entirely new perspective. Using this concep t, mills applied it to asking and answering imaginative thoughts of sociological questionsRead MoreCampus Crime : The Dark Side Of The Ivory Tower1456 Words   |  6 PagesOver the last two and half decades, campus crime as a social issue has come to the forefront of public attention and is regularly reported in both print and electronic media. Specific and general legislation has also been passed in order to prevent campus crime from occurring as well as to educate those who are either in danger of victimization or have the ability to prevent victimization and assure that justice is done. However, campus crime is not a new issue in regard to its occurrence, only inRead MoreEffects Of Labelling On Deviant Behaviour1502 Words   |  7 Pagesone’s subjective views which can be influence the study of crime and reliability of crime statistics. Within my essay I’ll be exploring the effects of labelling on deviant behaviour, and the ways in which views differ due to the in fluence of various groups within society and the influence of the media on societies interpretation of deviance. Deviance is understood to be behaviour which deviates from what is seen as the norm or what is socially acceptable by violating the rules of groups in society,Read MoreRacism And Racism1404 Words   |  6 Pagesand creates such phenomena as incarceration of African American on a racial basis. Considering the prevailing opinion of scientists about race as the socially-constructed phenomenon the life of millions of African Americans was affected even after the debunking of stereotypes, myths and pseudo- scientific research and their conclusions. This phenomenon in society began to produce himself which led to racially disparate life outcomes. ! Historically the process of colonization of America by WesternRead MoreNew Deviancy and Labeling Theory1108 Words   |  5 Pagestheory emerged in the 1960s and early 1970s. It was primarily a radical response to positivist domination of criminology (that crime is the result of individual, physical, and social conditions). The new deviancy theorists believed in free will and creativity. According to this theory, crime is that behaviour which violates the interests of the powerful. The definition of crime or deviance depends upon two activities: one, an act of an individual or a group, and second, another individual or group withRead MoreCrime Trends And The Consumption Of Crime1799 Words   |  8 Pagesthe number of crime†related commodities such as security alarms, crime related television programs, and general merchandise. This essay will explore the commodification of crime by critically examining rising crime rates, increasing sales of crime†associated and targeted products during the period when crime increases only slightly are explained as capitalism s ability to form commodities from both social problems and deviance. Using secondary data, this essay will describe these crime trends and theRead MoreThe Influence of Durkheim on Modern Criminological Investigation1441 Words   |   6 Pages(Hopkins Burke, 2006), Emile Durkheim believed that crime was an important necessity in every society as it played important functional roles in the maintenance of social cohesion, the continuity of social progress and the establishment and reinforcement of societal norms. He stated that criminality was a normal phenomenon, its influence prevalent even on the most saintly of societies. Durkheim’s theories regarding the normality and inevitability of crime, along with his influential concepts of anomieRead More The Criminal Justice System Essay1568 Words   |  7 Pages The criminal justice system treats all forms of serious crimes in an unforgiving manner. If the offenders commit a crime while under the influence of drugs, they are likely to be put in prison for a longer period of time rather than someone who committed the same kind of crime but was not under the influence of drugs (Taylor, 2008). With that said there are many causes of drug related crimes. Usually when there is a drug related crime it tends to be more serious in terms of damage done than nonRead MoreThe Sociology Of Rape Culture1524 Words   |  7 Pagestransformation of our society. This book, along with Susan Brownmiller s 1975 Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape, was among the earliest to include first-person accounts of rape. Their authors intended to demonstrate that rape was a much more common crime than previously believed. Brownmiller, a member of the New York Radical Feminists, argued that both academia and the general public ignored the incidents of rape. Her book, Against Our Will, is considered a landmark work on feminism and sexual violenceRead MoreSocial Class And Crime And Punishment Essay2193 Words   |  9 PagesSocial class and crime and punishment has always been an issue in the UK if not globally. For the elite, the criminal justice system serves a purpose to deter and prevent crime, but the reality is that the poor are punished for crimes they commit more so than those of a upper class who commit the same crime. The question is who is to blame for this image of the poor being criminals and the working class crime phenomenon, is it the moral Panic created by the media to distract from the reality of the

Infant Attachment Is The Bond Between An Infant And Their...

Infant attachment is the bond between an infant and their caregivers. An infant’s early attachment to their primary caregiver (PCG) is often seen as the foundation for all future development (Fairbairn, 1952). Individual difference perspectives have focused greatly on the predictive power of attachment because parents want to raise healthy, well-adjusted, normal children and are often concerned about the extent to which their parental upbringing skills can impact their child’s future. Attachment theory claims that infants are born with the innate ability to form attachments to their primary caregivers (Bowlby, 1969). Ainsworth and Bell (1970) developed the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) to determine the different attachment styles between mothers and their young children, which are secure, insecure avoidant, and insecure resistant. Hazen Shaver (1987) applied attachment theory to adult relationships to show the predictive power of attachment. Infant attachment is tr anslated into the romantic relationship style. This shows the consequences of attachment as all future relationships can be determined by the infant’s bond with their parents. However, attachment theory and the SSP may not be universally applicable, as child-rearing practices vary widely across cultures. Some children are raised by multiple caregivers, some are often left alone and others are never separated from their attachment figure. This suggests that secure attachments are culturally dependent. ThisShow MoreRelatedResearch On Attachment Theory On The Bonds Created Between Infants And Their Caregivers1730 Words   |  7 PagesTraditional research on Attachment Theory focuses on the bonds created between infants and their caregivers within the first few years of life. When tested, these children typically display an â€Å"organized† pattern of behavior when seeking comfort and safety from their caregiver. Organized attachments are those that follow a specific pa ttern of behavior and are clearly defined as secure, insecure—avoidant, or insecure—ambivalent. However, there remains a percentage of children who fail to engageRead MoreAttachment Is Defined As The Bond Between An Infant And A Primary Caregiver And The Reaction Essay1925 Words   |  8 PagesStaton Attachment is defined as the bond that is formed between an infant and a primary caregiver and the reaction an infant has during separation when reuniting with his/her primary caregiver (Lee, 2003). Since parents, biology, and culture influence attachment, children will experience different effects and results based on how attachment develops. In 1964, Rudolph Schaffer and Peggy Emerson conducted a study in which they studied babies and developed a sequential progression of attachment. IndiscriminateRead MoreAttachment Theory on Socio-Emtionals Development of Children1435 Words   |  6 PagesAttachment Theory: One of the most studied topics in today’s psychology is the attachment theory whose common references are from attachment models by Bowlby and Ainsworth. Since its introduction, the concept has developed to become one of the most significant theoretical schemes for understanding the socio-emotional development of children at an early stage. In addition, the theory is also developing into one of the most prominent models that guide parent-child relationships. Some of the keyRead MoreThe Mother And The Baby Enter The Room744 Words   |  3 Pagesexperience of attachment is one of pleasure and comfort, crucial in the healthy development of forming relationships for infants and children. The concept of attachment is a positive emotional bond between a child and an individual of particular importance to the child. According to the earliest of scientific developments, children who form social bonds with their direct caregivers ultimately lead a more well-balanced and fulfilling life. Forming the appropriate bonds with an infant is especiallyRead MorePersonality Development By Mary D. Salter Ainsworth And John Bowlby1322 Words   |  6 PagesMain Idea Attachment, as defined by â€Å"Infants, Children, and Adolescents† is the strong emotional connection that develops between an infant and caregiver, which provides the infant with a sense of joy, comfort, and emotional security (Berk, 2012, p. 264). Between 6 to 12 months of age, infants typically have developed said strong emotional connection to familiar people who have responded to their need for comfort, care, and other needs. While many individuals might suggest that a baby’s emotionalRead More Theories of Attachment: The Importance of Bonding with Infants and Toddlers1196 Words   |  5 PagesTo infants, the world is a brand new experience full of new sights and sounds, and their parents are their first teacher who educates them about the new environment around them. In addition, they learn about their surroundings through touch which is an important part of the way infants observe this strange new world. Babies and toddlers learn about the way relationships ar e formed through becoming attached to their parents and bonding with them. Infants and toddlers love hugs, kisses, gentle caressesRead MoreThe Development Of Attachment Bonds973 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopment of attachment bonds to other biological figures plays an important role in emotional development. Throughout life, an individual will form several relationships, some of which will be sincere and intimate while others will be superficial. However, collectively these relationships provide the foundation of our communities, families, and friendships and become essential to our survival as a species. A secure attachment bond can be classified as the interactive emotional relationship between a caregiverRead MoreThe Theories And Principles Of Attachment Theory1621 Words   |  7 PagesExploration of Attachment Theory Fully describe the theory including the main concepts and principles Attachment theory is a concept that explores the importance of attachment in respect to direct development. â€Å"It is a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space† (Bowlby, 1969; McLeod, 2009). It is the relationship that develops within the first year of the infant’s life between them and their caregiver. The theory also relates to the quality of theRead MorePsychological Theories, Freudian, Object Relational, And The Main Components Of Attachment And Object Relations Theory1660 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper, the author will delineate the following developmental theories, Freudian, Object Relational, and the main components found in Attachment. The main theorists that will be addressed include, Sigmund Freud, John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth, and some work of Melanie Klein. The author will provide a detailed explanation on attachment and object relations theory and how it can be incorporated with a client who is suff ering from Anorexia Nervosa and how the impact of development correlates withRead MoreStages Of Attachment Of The Infant s Attachment1211 Words   |  5 PagesStages of attachment. Another of Bowlby’s contributions is his proposal that the infant’s attachment to caregiver develops in stages attuned to the infant’s cognitive and emotional development. As described by Broderick Blewitt (2015), a bond emerges from the affect between mother and child in the first two months as the infant signals their needs by clinging, smiling, and crying. During this stage infants are not yet attached to anyone and do not discriminate between caregivers. Between their

Servant Leadership at Pervasive Solutions Essay - 1747 Words

Servant leadership is the management philosophy at Pervasive Solutions. From the perspective of a middle manager, this is a description of how the leadership team at Pervasive Solutions uses the servant leadership philosophy to lead, make decisions, lead change, and to motivate the employees to succeed. According to Hellriegel, Jackson and Slocum (2008), â€Å"the relationship between leaders and subordinates is reinforced by the concept of servant leadership† (p. 56). Nayab, N. (n.d.) stated, â€Å"The servant leader always looks at the good in others and remains patient and forgiving. Servant leadership creates strong loyalty and inspiration that helps organizations develop and retain human capital. They see things from others perspective,†¦show more content†¦2). The leadership team is supportive; they take time to help employees achieve their goals. Decisions are shared between all employees utilizing the rational decision-making model. Greenleaf, R. K. (1998) noted, servant-leadership advocates a group-oriented approach to analysis and decision making as a means of strengthening institutions and of improving society† (p. 9). As noted by Hellriegel, Jackson and Slocum (2008) â€Å"The rational model consists of seven steps, defining and diagnosing the problem, setting goals, searching for alternative solutions, comparing and evaluating alternative solutions, choosing among alternatives, implementing the solution and follow up. The model prescribes a set of phases that individuals or teams should follow to increase the likelihood that their decisions will be logical and optimal† (p. 266). The management team takes the responsibility for defining the problem. The management team and employees participate in setting goals, searching for solutions, comparing alternatives, and choosing alternative solutions. The m akeup of the implementation team depends on the tasks and expertise required to successfully implement the solution. Additionally, Pervasive Solutions is a family friendly company; high valueShow MoreRelatedEthical Decision Making Frameworks : Greenleaf Servant Leadership Test, Markkula Model And The Nash s 12 Questions Model Essay927 Words   |  4 Pagesdecision making frameworks: Greenleaf Servant Leadership Test, Markkula Model, Badaracco Model, and the Nash’s 12 Questions Model. In addition I will present my own model for thinking through and handling ethical dilemmas. Servant leadership is and old concept that was coined by Robert K. Greenleaf in the essay â€Å"The Servant Leader†. Servant leadership emphases the evolution and well-being of people and the communities to which a leader is a part of. A servant leader has a natural mind to serve firstRead MoreThe Continuum Of Perception, I Tend Toward Intuition916 Words   |  4 Pagesarea of strength. This lends itself well to my current leadership style, which is a blend of democratic, synergistic, and servant leader. I like to put the onus of responsibility on my employees such that they can buy into the work that they are doing. A part of this is creating a team atmosphere, even against my own personal preferences, to make sure there is a diverse talent pool addressing each constituency and issue. Finally, as a servant leader, it is my duty to create an environment for my employees’Read MoreLeadership Styles And Leadership Philosophies3775 Words   |  16 Pages There are many leadership styles and leadership philosophies that can be applied to the healthcare environment of which each have their unique advantages and disadvantages. The choice to follow one leadership model versus another or to integrate one or more models together lies in the individual preference of the leader. For people like me who hold strong spiritual beliefs, the spiritual philosophies of Mary Elizabeth O’Brien, Tim Porter-O’Grady, and Kathy Malloch provide a strong framework withRead MoreLeadership 21st century Essay5218 Words   |  21 Pagesï » ¿Leadership for the Twenty First Century Writing Paper #2 Leadership for the Twenty First Century University of Charleston Graduate School EMBA-601-NG-2012G1 Leadership for the Twenty First Century Introduction As we enter the 21st Century there is a serious question arising concerning our capacity to deal with the challenges. Based on a review and synthesis across a range of literatures coveringRead MoreCreation of Sony3221 Words   |  13 PagesPrepared by Dr. A. Prakashrao (MBA – HC MR 121210) | 7/27/2013 | ASSIGNMENT 2 CASE STUDY 2 - THE CREATION OF SONY 1. What leadership competencies do you recognize in Ibuka and Morita? Justify your answers. 2. How are Ibuka and Morita charismatic leaders? Justify your answers. 3. Can you recognize the elements of transformational leadership? Justify your answers. 1. Comprehension a. Summary of the facts The case study 2 is regarding the creation of Sony andRead MoreToxicity in the Workplace3766 Words   |  16 Pagesorganization personally, they are not concerned with a duty to the profession, organization, or fellow employees. Gossip, stories, myths, and hype are all used as a source of maintaining perception of power and legitimacy. These toxic employees have such a pervasive influence in the organization, that if left unchecked in the ‘norming’ stage of group development, it will be increasingly difficult for managers or supervisors to approach them or reprimand them, as they too will grow to fear recrimination. ThoughRead MoreThe Values Of The Christian Tradition9036 Words   |  37 PagesMCKENZIE, TENNESSEE Our Vision Guided by the values of the Christian tradition, the education faculty encourages students to seek fulfillment in their personal, social, and religious lives. We provide the tools for developing integrity, leadership skills, and the desire to search for truth and knowledge throughout life. We promote critical thinking, effective communication, appreciation of cultural diversity, and we encourage the rejection of bigotry and intolerance. At Bethel, we seekRead MoreNew Public Management4647 Words   |  19 Pagesbureaucratic systems. The traditional philosophy of public administration as articulated by Max Weber – that bureaucracy made administration more efficient and rational - was subject to strong criticism. Bureaucratic dominance was being viewed not as a solution to the problems of public administration, but the very source of these problems (Teehankee 2003).[3] Thompson (2003) argues that bureaucratic arrangements once, successfully provided security, jobs, and economic stability, ensured fairness andRead MoreRacism As Poor Treatment Of Or Violence4883 Words   |  20 Pagesfor the enslavement of other races was based on the bible surprisingly, the slave traders would interpret the book of Genesis, by saying Ham had committed a sin against his father Noah, and he had condemned his black descendants to become servants unto servants. When Virginia decided in 1667 that slaves could be kept in bondage, not because they were actual heathens but because they had heathen ancestry, the justification for black servitude was changed from religious status to something approachingRead MoreInfluence of Pta on School Adminsitration11087 Words   |  45 Pages2.2 Theoretical/Conceptual Framework This section is an attempt towards exploring the theoretical framework with the view of giving the entire work a kind of the theoretical basis. The following areas were examined: a. Organizational theory. b. Leadership and organization. c. Goals in organization d. Communication and school management. e. Delegation of authority. 2.2.1 Organisational Theory According to Persons (1990:17) organizations â€Å"are social units (of human groupings) deliberately constructed

The Product Liability Law - Protecting the Rights of the Consumer to S Term Paper

Essays on The Product Liability Law - Protecting the Rights of the Consumer to Safeguard Them from the Potential Harm of the Defective Products Term Paper The paper â€Å"The Product Liability Law - Protecting the Rights of the Consumer to Safeguard Them from the Potential Harm of the Defective Products† is an informative variant of term paper on law. Product liability is the liability of a manufacturer for marketing a defective product to the consumer. In the US, product liability claims are under the jurisdiction of state law. Each state has a set of commercial statutes based on the Uniform Commercial Code. It has the warranty rules governing product liability. They are covered under negligence, strict liability or breach of warranty.Earlier if one wished to claim for the injuries caused by a product, one had to have ‘privity of contract’ which is a contractual contract between the supplier and the buyer of the product. Now, this is not required anymore. A claim can be made for product liability even if the injured person is not the buyer of the product. As long as the product has been sold and there is a possibil ity of injury from that product, a product liability claim can be made. In other words, we can say that if a product fails to meet the requirement or expectation of a customer or can cause a possible injury, it is covered by the product liability law.The sale of the product is a must for product liability to arise. In fact, the responsibility of the defective products lies with all the sellers who may be in the chain like the manufacturer, wholesaler, and retailer or even the party that assembles and installs the product. Strict liability is applicable when the products are sold in a regular way. For example, if someone sells something through a garage sale, he would not be liable for the product liability.Laws for Product LiabilityThe laws for product liability have been developed over a long period of time. In English courts, there was a doctrine called – ‘caveat emptor’. This meant that- ‘let the buyer beware’. This doctrine expected the consumer to protect himself from the obvious and hidden defects of a product and he could not make a claim from the manufacturer. Later the English courts included a rule that made the manufacturer own the responsibility of any hidden defects of their products.The American courts had the ‘caveat emptor’ rule for a longer time. It was there is most of the nineteenth century. In the late nineteenth century, the US courts started the implied warranty that provided the consumer with the privity of contract with the defendant. In other words, the consumer can claim any product liability only if he had directly purchased it from the manufacturer.Since most of the manufacturers sold through the retailers, there was no privity of contract and the consumers could not claim it from the manufacturers. It was only in the 1950s and 1960s that the consumers could claim from the manufacturers whom they were not in their direct contact. In 1965, the Restatement of Torts was officially introduce d by the ALI or the American Law Institute. Since then the law of product liability has started to develop. This development was recognized by the ALI in 1998 by approving the Restatement (third) of Torts: Product Liability.

Energy and Environment - 1095 Words

Cover Letter I, Vineet Kr. Gupta, am completed M.Tech (Energy Environmental Management) from Kurukshetra University, Haryana, India. I wish to apply for the suitable position (Environment Management Division) in your organization in the thrust area of Environment Management. As a professional of Energy and Environmental Management, I am willing to pursue my career in the same field and hence seeking an opportunity to get a professional position in your esteemed organization. My course scheme is basically dealing in the Energy Conservation and Management and Energy from Waste. It also provides knowledge in the field of Environmental Management, Sustainable Industry, Aspect of Climate Change Energy Conservation and various laboratory†¦show more content†¦|Employment Experience | 1. Duration: July 2006 - June 2007 Place: Hydroair Techtonics Ltd. Navi Mumbai Post: Assistant Environment Officer Key Responsibility: Looked after the project related with solid waste management, waste water treatment technologies. 2. Duration: July 2007 – September 2008 Place: Eco-Men Laboratory Pvt. Ltd, Lucknow Post: Environment Scientist Key Responsibilities: Environment Monitoring and Analysis (Air, Water, Soil,) Experiment design and analysis result, report preparation |Industrial and Research Experience: | 1. Place: Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Corporate Office, New Delhi Post: Trainee-SEP, Duration: June-5th August, 2010. Project: Carbon Management Strategies in IOCL and Green Inventory. 2. Place: Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai Post: Trainee-Environment Assessment Division Duration: January-May, 2010 Project: Determination of Sedimentation Rate using 210Po and 210Pb depth profile inShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Energy And Environment1087 Words   |  5 PagesAnalytical Chemistry. Another topic that gave me inspiration toward chemistry was sustainability of energy and environment. Being a citizen of a developing country, I observed energy crisis and environmental pollution first-hand. I want to contribute to solve this problem by pursuing higher studies in Environmental chemistry, as it will enable me to use my intellectual potentials for the betterment of the environment and in-turn the society. My past academic accomplishments bear a testament of my future endeavorsRead MoreEnvironment - Energy Resources4599 Words   |  19 Pages What is your first thought of energy resources? Is it something that got to do with electricity? First of all, I would say that the energy system is not very sustainable because it can either be sustainable, or not sustainable. The energy resources used by mankind have grown dramatically and it is affecting the environment by leaving negative impact to the environment. Not only the government sector, but also the private sectors that are aware of the environment are trying to find alternativesRead MoreThe Effects Of Renewable Energy On The Environment1193 Words   |  5 Pagestechnologies that allow fulfillment of human needs while significantly reducing the human impact on the environment (About Green Technology, n.d.). Renewable energy can be defined as the energy generated from various natural sources such as sunlight,wind,water,geothermal heat and biomass, which are naturally replenished or renewed (What is renewable energy?, n.d.). The use of renewable energy helps in reducing the carbon dioxide and other carbon compounds that are emitted in to the atmosphereRead MoreThe Effects Of Energy Sources On The Environment Essay1471 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction Energy is a big part of our lives. We are heating our homes with natural gas or electricity and driving to and from work and any other outdoors activities. â€Å"Our main source of the energy people use is fossil fuels and in the future, the availability of those sources has an end date† (Garcà ­a-Olivares, A. 2015). As studies show there are renewable resources of fuel and other equipment used for energy like wind, nuclear power plants and solar hydroelectric. There are many pros andRead MoreEnergy Consumption And Its Effect On The Environment1660 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Energy consumption is universal to all, in spite of the location in the world. Different countries and people consume different amounts of energy at any given time. Energy consumption ranges from small-scale to large-scale uses for different purposes. However, what is common to all despite the amount used is the impact of the consumption that cuts across every region. Among the most fundamental sources of energy used on regular basis, include oil, natural gas, and coal, which are fossilRead MoreRenewable Energy And Its Effects On The Environment Essay1890 Words   |  8 PagesDue to the escalation in prices of the conventional sources of energy such as fossil and nuclear fuels and their harmful effects on the environment, there is a strong motivation to develop and utilize an alternative energy resources such as solar, wind, hydro and geothermal sources... etc cite{Karki2001}- cite{Fialho2015}-cite{Zhou2007}. In 2014, renewable energy overall expanded significantly in terms of capacity installed and energy produced. Some technologies experienced more rapid growth inRead MoreConservation Of Energy And A Preservation Of The Environment1840 Words   |  8 PagesConservation of energy and a preservation of the environment are popular and active topics in today’s political world. â€Å"According to Frost and Sullivan Transportation, fuel economy has risen to among the top three important factors for current vehicle purchase† (Brooke). Seeing a skyrocket in gasoline prices and an increase in vehicular pollution shows the need for change in how vehicles are designed. It is undeniably time to evolve beyond the status quo of the current gasoline driven automobilesRead MoreThe Preservation Of The Environment And Conservation Of Energy1939 Words   |  8 Pagespreservation of the environment and conservation of energy are dynamic topics in the political world of today and actions to be taken are discussed every day. It is time to advance beyond the ordinary gasoline engine automobile that has polluted our environment for several decades. The recurring problem that hasn’t been solved is the pollution from automobiles that harms the environment and uses fuel that won’t be around some time in the future. Neglect for the preservation of the environment has spreadRead MoreEnergy Sources And How Our Energy Choices Affect The Environment955 Words   |  4 Pagesabout our energy sources and how our energy choices affect the environment? Many people still do not put much though into this topic or pay any attention to the amount of energy they use or where it comes from. For some it is just willful negligence, but for many others it may be due to a lack of knowledge on the subject. Perhaps it is a good idea to pay closer attention and educate ourselves so we can make informed decisions that may lead to less stress on our wallets and on our environment. In orderRead MoreThe Effects Of Renewable Energy On Our Environment1159 Words   |  5 Pagessubstances such as coal that a re formed within the earth. (Origin Energy, 2015). At present the fossil fuel coal, is supplying 73% of Australia’s energy (Origin Energy , 2015) manly due to its excessive availability, however due to its toxic emissions has made Australia on of the highest green house gas contributors in the world. Renewable energy is sourced from products that can be replenished and are more sustainable for our environment. With Australia’s increasing demand for electricity there are

Relationship Between Social Aspects Peer Pressure and Washback of Exa

Question: Discuss about theRelationship Between Social Aspects for Peer Pressure and Washback of Exam. Answer: Introduction The aspect of grammatical knowledge as well as the reading skills are important for the Japanese secondary school learners. Nevertheless, there may adhere to the use of traditional grammar translation techniques. In Japan there exists a substantial gap between the MET vision as well as the classroom realities, and the new movement which could afoot resulting to narrowing it. Japan Current foreign language education policy has envisions on the development of the nation practical English communication abilities (Carless, 2005). In this country many of the secondary school English teacher adheres to the traditional grammar method of translation and in most of the cases they lack training in the communicative approach methods. There are demotivating factors which may lead to this, these are individual behavior of the teacher in the classroom, the method of grammar translation that is used by the instructor, the tests and university entrance examinations, the text books that are used on t he related issues skills (Duo, 2014). Lastly, it could be memorization nature of the vocabulary that are used. The teacher beliefs that the CLT influence on the classroom practices as well as the contextual factors. There are inhibiting factors which impede on the use of the CLT such as few opportunities to engage in the use of the face to face communication in English outside the setup of classroom, the accustomed teacher centered instruction, large number of classroom sizes, insufficient number of the ELT and the entrance exams do not likely focus on comprehension (Luong-Phan Effeney, 2014). It is significant to note there are reforms that have been implemented to encourage the use of the communicative language teachings techniques that are in place within the dominating grammar translation approach. In research that was done to goal of English education in japan showed that its purpose is for the development of the communicative competency. Further, the participant of the research highlighted that these competencies was not the only education goals that is important to pursue. There advocated that there is need for individual goals in the classroom mattered. Another goal was the need for the student to be prepared for the examination of university. The research that was developed found out that there are various education goals, of which some develops the ability of the students and others overlapped on the school education. The aspect of the peer pressure entails the influence on the observers, who get encouraged to follow on others by changing on their attitudes, values, and behaviors to confirm to those of the influencing individuals. Peer pressure is an important factor in influencing behavior during the learning practices. The peer confirmatory in learning has been pronounc ed in regards to style, taste, appearance, ideology and the values. It has been associated with the episodes of activities that are common in company of the peers (Mahmoudi, 2014). The classroom practices have been affected by the English proficiency of the students, motivation, expectation and their personal problems. Based on the research done in Japan it shows that teaching has been changed depending on the proficiency of English language and the preferences for communication. Despite of the students providing certain communicative activities, they quit using them because they thought these activities did not fit on their conditions or perhaps they felt incapable of conducting on the activities to their desired manner (Mondejar, Laurier, Valdivia, Mboutsiadis, Sanchez, Mondejar Sanchez, 2012). In the environment that are filled in pressure, the teachers are unknowingly acting in ways that demotivate the students. The students are pressuring their teachers in order for them to he lp them pass the examinations, based on the belief that the purpose of the high school education is vital for preparation of the examinations. Teachers on their part believe that their control issues in the classroom is affecting on their perceptions of the entrance. The changes to the entrance exams in the university are in the wind, some of the observers feels that the universities are constantly under pressure to change on exams they give and the number of the college age students are declining (Pan, 2009). Barriers to apply on the reform orientation training in Japanese EFL classes there was a pressure to conform to the standard of teaching practices, especially grammar translation methodology. On the part of the teachers the intention in the adoption of the reform orientation approach to teach of the grammar is essentially determined by the interaction of all the 3 belief areas (Tayeb, Aziz, Ismail Khan, 2014). For most part the attitude of the teachers toward the COS 2009 as well as the social pressure causes them to experience unsupportive referents that are largely controlled by the beliefs especially the ones related on time, training and the knowledge of reforms. Wasback entails to the impact of assessment on the teaching as well as learning. Moreover, its the scope to which the presentation and the provision of test influences on how the teachers and the learners perform tasks in order to promote on the learning of the learning. The reforms oriented approach of the teachers is regarded as the expense grammatical accuracy and the knowledge of the grammar and is an important factor in the preparation of UEES. The interesting aspect to the emergence of the qualitative study is related to the focus group and the participant in the interview. The use of the test can enhance and drive teaching as well as learning. The test impact can have influence on either at the macro and the micro levels. The distinct notions of washback encompasses on various occurrence for example idea of the washback impact that refers to the impact of the test on both the learning and also teaching. Next, the idea of the dimension that is powered on instruction which refer s to the concepts that the learning aspect need to be related to testing. Thirdly, it comprises on the curriculum line, which focusses on the relationship between the teaching of the syllabus and testing. Finally, the aspect of the systemic authenticity that combines the tests to the program of the education (White, 2009) .The student related communicative conditions usually impact on the practices of the classroom, and the exam related expectation which may affect these practices either directly or indirectly. Various factors have impacted on the practices of the language such as efficacy of teacher especially in English learning teachers to whom their mother tongue is not the focus on language. The tutor efficacy could be regarded as the beliefs on their functionality to organize as well as implement on the span of measures that is needed to effectively achieve on the a variety of teaching process in a particular context . Over a particular period the Japanese ministry of Educatio n, sport, research as well as technology has been capable of put into practice on the work of reforming the opening assessment of the college as well as endorsing of the utilization of the CLT (White, 2009). Washback has been the most investigated theme in language education particularly in the EFL as well as the ESL contexts. The influence on the learners, teachers along with the course appears to be looked into since separate entity instead of entire although the three components are intertwined in the studying method. Based on the research on knowledge and skills development in Japan it explored on the impact of the washback in the Japanese framework in which the English language was the foreign, thinks in the necessity of redefining along with conceptualizing the occurrence of washback instead of thinking about in which is positive or maybe negative (Zheng, 2016). Additionally, studies has suggested that when understanding is nearly the final goal of instructing along with the t esting since the effective signifies in the accomplishment of the objective, actually test may be regarded as way of instructing and also studying activities. The idea of washback is an inescapable trap from which the individuals cannot really evade because it generally benefits on it is impact from the power of the test themselves (Zheng, 2016). Nevertheless, the facet of washback could be possibly positive, negative or simply neutral and the accountability of most the parties for example teachers, students, and experts. The instructing studying field is usually the major of the learning environment, the learners as well as the teachers are influenced by the washback. The use of the tests cause problems for the lives of the teachers , impacting on the teaching methods , content of evaluation , attitudes and motivation. Use of the effective strategies should be aimed to provide the teachers with more time for development of the professional. The use of peer planning and observation serve as the reinforcement standards practices these could include the training, advices and the development. It is important to note that teaching is vital but there are other tasks which a teacher has to perform. Teachers though on motivate students, since lack of motivation effects on how they teachers teach English language. Management of the students and having them participate in the activities are the staple means of what teaching entails (Pan, 2009). An example, in tests the Japanese learners of English usually suffers from the national inferiority complex that is reinforced by the reports of TOEFL as well as TOEIC scores that are near the bottom of the international ranking. The teachers are often the ultimate target around all of these aspects are moving, reciprocally in addition to centrifugally. The effect of the washback to them get to know additional of the educational elements. In the event that the influence of the English dialect test is positive, it means that the efforts which has recently been invested by the teachers on the degree of micro with the other key players for example pupils, and parents are typically operating reciprocally with the learners. Alternatively, in the event that the influence of the English test is negative on the result it impact on them centrifugally (Al-Jamal Ghadi, 2008). The students conversation with their teachers as well as their encircling learning environment is crucial just a few obtain and offer. References Al-Jamal, D., Ghadi, N. (2008). English language general secondary certificate examination washback in Jordan. Asian EFL Journal, 10(3), 158-186. Carless, D. (2005). Prospects for the implementation of assessment for learning. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy Practice, 12(1), 39-54. Duo, P. C. (2014). The impact of english comprehensive assessment programon Taiwanese Junior High School students perceptions of english learning. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 4(4), 554-568. Luong-Phan, N. H., Effeney, G. (2014). TOEFL iBT and language learning motivation: An investigation into teaching styles and influential factors for Vietnamese adolescents. International Journal of Research Studies in Language Learning, 4(3). Mahmoudi, L. (2014). The washback effect of Iranian National University entrance exam (inuee) on pre-university english teaching and learning (Doctoral dissertation, University Malaya). Mondejar, M., Laurier, J., Valdivia, L., Mboutsiadis, B., Sanchez, E., Mondejar, M., ... Sanchez, E. (2012). Language policy in Japan: Shifting paradigms. Teachers College, Columbia University, 149-160. Pan, Y. C. (2009). A review of washback and its pedagogical implications. Tayeb, Y. A., Aziz, M. S. A., Ismail, K., Khan, A. B. M. A. (2014). The washback effect of the general secondary english examination (GSEE) on teaching and learning. GEMA; Online Journal of Language Studies, 14(3), 83-103. White, E. (2009). Student perspectives of peer assessment for learning in a public speaking course. Asian EFL Journal, 33(1), 1-36. Zheng, Y. (2016). Students Voices: What Factors Influence Their English Learning and TestPerformance?. In Assessing Chinese Learners of English (pp. 219-244). PalgraveMacmillan UK.

Organization Development Plan

Question: Discuss about the Organization Development Plan. Answer: Introduction: Brief upon Developing Organization Development Plan A development plan of organization states a plan is incomplete without goals as it leads the company to its future development. It helps in identification of gaps by making the base stronger for its effective growth. It is important to formulate strategy by forming a plan by defining the objectives and goals by finding the right resources for its growth. With this strategic business plan is important by following a systematic process for workplace in Australia. For this plan the best part is its strategic components that act as the map guiding as per direction (Bennis, 2005). This has to be achieved by having clarity in making plans for the organization. In strategic planning three components are involved vision, mission and objectives. In simple terms organization development is a systematic process for performing the task with working on the objectives. This development is a collaborative approach for developing the performance by providing the opportunity to human to showcase their talent. The development of organization plan is based upon strategy formulation by working on the priorities. The plan developed has to be in align with organization goal and objectives and the employees should also be conveyed the same. The resources should be allocated effectively by making an optimum use of it so that the outcome is positive (Jackson, 2006). The development plan should be based on the direction and momentum by employing the right use of human resources. This has to be in link with organization goals and objectives by leveraging the benefits efficiently. The organization in Australia has to serve the objectives through strategic planning by consulting with the stakeholders and external parties before implementing the plan. With this vision and mission statement has to be incorporated so that it can be understood where the company wants to take itself in future. The standards have to be set for management and staffs in workplace in Australia so that they abide by the plan. The plan has to be emphasized up on performing critical task by organizing themselves for being effective at the same time (Kondalkar, 2009). So, it is important conduct business through business planning process in both external and internal factors. In Australia the workplace has to formulate road map by tracking and monitoring the progress of companies for viewing that the outcome set is achieved or not. Discuss Activities for Organization Development for Its Implementation The activity that is required in any workplace is generating information by fulfilling the objectives. The activities are underpinning consultative process with the stakeholders as the development will impact them too. The process should be accurate and in consultation with person who can provide accurate information. For maximum participation in workplace in Australia should be careful on consultation process. This includes timely process by communicating the strategy as one size does not fit all (McLean, 2006). This is not the only solution as teams is made is for formal approach as in workplace in Australia it is formed to fulfill the goals set. Each organization should follow the principle of sharing by working and cooperating by working on team effort. The activities underpinning for teams are role play, workshops, team building sessions, programs, one to one talk, sensitivity training, mentoring and time engagement for effective orientation. Similarly, problems may arise in teams that need to be solved effectively as in workplace in Australia. The facilitate teams have to implement the skills effectively by taking the right decision for solving it. The different steps including are confronting the situation by working on it logically by analyzing, defining and review the problem (Bennis, 2005). If a solution is not working for the workplace there must be some alternative solution that has to be in line with objectives. With this the objectives set has to be evaluated and implementing the solution as per the plan framed. Thus, the teams have to work in collaboration by working in joint effort for the common purpose in workplace in Australia. This will only be possible when the team members would interact with each other for successful collaboration. But, teamwork means working in jointly so members have to be flexible by working together by sharing the opinions. Each member of the team should listen to each other and working on underlying assumptions by reaching a level of consensus for being successful. For its successful implementation it is crucial to follow the goals and objectives so that it is achieved (Jackson, 2006). Sometimes while working in teams conflicts arise so it needs to be addressed. This is possible with the help of intervention approach that includes feedback, training, termination, redesigning job, succession planning etc. The workplace in Australia has to undertake various activities by depending on the need of intervention. Formulate Survey Model On The Basis of Objective with Identification of Loss of Support through Activities and Organization Development Program The designing of survey model is underpinning by Denison Organization culture survey (DOCS) that set a standard for working on organizational database and developing action plans for4 improving the present practices. This model is used for judging the performance by working on the weakness and strengths. This survey model is providing emphasis on culture as it includes 12 practices of management and four traits that need to be abided by (Denison Consulting, 2016). [Source: www.denisonconsulting.com] The image above reflects that employees in Australian organization have two environments- internal and external. Internal environment consists of consistency and involvement with the external focus upon mission and adaptability. For instance Woolworth a retail company its mission is to provide a right experience to shopping to each customer by delivering it rightly every time. The objectives of Woolworth are satisfying the customers by serving 18m customers on their choices by providing them loyalty and rewards. This is done by learning, acting and listening to customers for making changes. Another important is innovation in store by sticking the meat according to Meat Standards Australia (MSA) and formulating sushi theatre in supermarket near the customer (Woolworthslimited, 2016). The loss of support is used in organization development by undertaking the surveys with the help of employees, customers and clients and stakeholders. The questions in survey can be both open and close ended by checking the value through tabulation and validating. For managing online surveys in the program Survey Monkey can be used and the basis of qualification is predetermined already. The groups have to be effective by taking input from stakeholder by maintaining budget and time. The information collected through survey is involving the activities of team building, role play, training sessions, workshops, validating through result etc. Hence, Woolworth retail workplace helps in organization development plan by undertaking the different activities. The objective has to be met effectively by collecting usable information by planning, allocating budget and time efficiently (Kondalkar, 2009). The activities undertaken for organization development plan have to be communicated to the employees. The program has to develop according to the plan framed by working as per the survey model. Maintaining Program for Organizational Development Ways For maintaining organization development plan surveys have to be undertaken by using validating and using it for effectiveness. The format of the survey for Australian company has to work on telephone, face to face, meetings, online, focus group etc. The participants in the process should not be affected for this employee and calculating the budget. When a workplace conducts this with focus group by taking interviewer expenses but, this could be costly. With this meetings have to be conducted by taking it regularly with the feedback after each meeting (McLean, 2006). This is possible with communication plan by addressing the areas as communication act as an important driver. Each stakeholder in workplace in Australia has different stake by reporting as per their schedule by determining the frequency and types of information generated. When a plan is made various stakeholders are covered inside the project for communicating the requirement, inputting and receiving feedback, information has to be collected in what format and type, project stakeholders and medium used for distributing the information to stakeholders. But in Australian organization some constraints play hindrance like time management as it is feasible only with planning and scheduling the resources. The stakeholders are lacking time and communication with of the process when formulating the plan (Massarik, 2005). The plan has to be in aligning with the communication process of workplace by managing the expectations with present perceptions. To maintain the organization development process it is based upon project that fosters team meetings, review, post project review, presentations periodically with marinating regular meetings through workshops, websites, multimedia, staff meetings, E-Mail communication, telephone calls, intranet and internet etc. The meeting conducted in Australian workplace is through communication networks by using verbal, oral, written, formal, social media, task teams, vertical etc. The most important being feedback that have to be taken regularly for working on the effectiveness for developing communication for organizational development plan. This technique is useful in workplace with stakeholders as it of three types- direct, informal and formal (Anderson, 2010). Direct is generated through contact directly from face to face, informal is through mouth conversations and formal is via letter, online mode and E-Mail. References Anderson, D. (2010). Organization development. Los Angeles: Sage. Bennis, W. (2005). Organization development. 3rd ed. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. Denison Consulting. (2016). The Denison Organizational Culture Survey. [online] Available at: https://www.denisonconsulting.com/diagnostics/organizational-culture [Accessed 17 Aug. 2016]. Jackson, J. (2006). Organization development. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. Kondalkar, V. (2009). Organization development. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers. Massarik, F. (2005). Advances in organization development. 3rd ed. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Pub. Corp. McLean, G. (2006). Organization development. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Woolworthslimited.com.au. (2016). Strategy and Objectives - Woolworths Limited. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworthslimited.com.au/page/Who_We_Are/Strategy_and_Objectives/ [Accessed 17 Aug. 2016].