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Energy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Four Source of Energy: Chemical, Solar, Mechanical, and Nuclear Energy is used in every aspect of our lives, from power for transportation, to heat and light in dwelling and working areas, to the manufacture of good of all kinds. The development of science and civilization is closely linked to the availability and development of energy in useful forms. In this paper I am going to show four extremely vital forms of energy that we humans use everyday, and without which we could not enjoy the luxuries of life; like watching T.V., playing on the computer, and tracking the weather.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first type of vitally important energy is Chemical. It utilizes the energy release from chemical reaction. The energy is both release and absorbed by the elements involve in a chemical reaction, but no lose occur in the molecular weight of the elements. Even thought this is true, the physical properties may change. Take for instance, the decomposition of water. In its molecules, each of which consist of one atom of oxygen and two of hydrogen, are broken down; the hydrogen atoms combine in pairs, and the oxygen atoms form oxygen molecules. The two new molecules now have two different properties from the water molecules they came from. Water, for example, does not burn nor does it support combustions, but the new hydrogen molecule is now flammable and the oxygen is combustion supportive, both of which can be used to obtain useful forms of energy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reactions, just like the one mentioned above, can be classified by the characteristics of the particular reaction. As anyone could observe we, the people of this world have many different forms of reactions to obtain the energy we desire. This chemical energy is pretty the base of all other forms of energy, or at least a big part of them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We can use the reaction from nuclear fusion or fission to obtain energy. We can use the steam from water to get energy. There are ways in which use the elements and the properties of their reaction to obtain energy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A type of energy that work is another form of chemical energy, but deserves its own individual respect, is the above-mentioned nuclear energy. With the development of nuclear energy in the early 20th century came available another incredibly great source of energy. It uses the heat from the nuclear energy and converts it into electricity. The nuclear is stored in the nucleus of an atom and is released though fission, fusion, or radioactivity.

American Film History: Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers

Agnes de Mille once said that â€Å"the truest expression of people is in its dance and in its music.   Bodies never lie†. (Warner, p30)   And indeed, Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers, a most famed dancing duo epitomized the meaning of words and emotions through their dance that was ever caught in film.As such, while both film actors never gained recognition in their acting careers in their 10 renowned musicals, they nevertheless received their most deserved place in the history of American film as iconic symbols of dance that brought poetry and song to the human body.Fred and Ginger are Broadway actors before they came to Hollywood. Fred was a stage dancer and choreographer whose career in acting and dancing started at a very early age during which he partnered with his sister Adelle in Vaudeville shows.When his sister married, he went on his own to make a name in a Broadway musical, â€Å"Gay Divorce†. (Harvey and Sennett, pp 23-25) Ginger on the other hand started her Broadway debut in â€Å"Top Speed†, which catapulted her to a lead role the following year in the musical, â€Å"Girl Crazy†.   In 1931, the movie, â€Å"The Tip Off† marked her entry to Hollywood.(Whissen, p282-283)   Both Fred and Ginger have outstanding and blossoming careers apart from each other, until their first pairing came in 1933 in a film that will lead to the discovery of the unparalleled chemistry and charisma of their dancing prowess to the astonishment and delight of the viewing public.   This marked the commencement of a dance collaboration that will entertain the American people in the next couple of decades that continued to remain unrivaled in the world up to this date.Flying Down To RioIn 1933, â€Å"Flying Down to Rio† was rendered into a film and first featured Fred and Ginger dancing together.     Ã‚  It was a love triangle story between Roger, Belinha and her fiancà ©, Julio.   Roger leads an orchestral band where Fred and Ginger are members.Fred was the assistant band leader who played the accordion while Ginger was the lead vocalist for the band.   In pursuing the love of Belinha, Roger left his band which gave the opportunity for Fred to step up.   In the end, Roger and Belinha successfully get together leaving the band to Fred and Ginger.Both Fred and Ginger were not the lead characters in the film but their dance performance especially in the airplane-wing-dance at the end of the story took the limelight that overshadowed the plot and the main characters of the story.   In fact, the pair’s performance is what enjoined the people to watch the film and gained its critical acclaim.Incidentally, one of the notable dance moves introduced in the movie is the forehead-to-forehead stance, the Carioca, which introduced the sensual samba dance to US movie audiences.(Berry, p131) This instantly became a national dance craze. The movie claimed its due place in the American film history for unearthing the dance magic of Fred and Ginger that obtained vast appeal among the masses and initiated their unequaled dance partnership in the coming years.

Is Global Warming Skepticism Just Smoke and Mirrors - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2749 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/19 Category Ecology Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Community Essay Global Warming Essay Did you like this example? Issue 8: Is Global Warming Skepticism Just Smoke and Mirrors? Ginger Powers SCI 207 Dependence of Man on the Environment Norman Stradleigh July 25, 2010 What exactly is global warming? Do you know the answer, maybe you do, however, taking a pretty good educated guess I would tend to think that most people think they have a pretty good idea when in actuality they have no clue what so ever about global warming. The current frenzy over global warming has galvanized the public and cost taxpayers billions of dollars in federal expenditures for climate research. It has spawned Hollywood blockbusters and inspired major political movements. It has given a higher calling to celebrities and built a lucrative industry for eager scientists. In short, ending climate change has become a national crusade. And yet, despite this dominant and sprawling campaign, the facts behind global warming remain as confounding as ever. Let’ s start by talking about the definition; according to S ir David King and Gabrielle Walker’ s, 2008, book titled â€Å"The Hot Topic â€Å" global warming is defined as a gradual increase in the earth’s surface temperature. A more popular usage definition would be global warming is caused by human activity, or let’s look at a more technical term anthropogenic. The debate would be is global warming observed naturally or is it man made? Some might actually take on a debate about the natural causes, like is the sun getting hotter; or maybe the debate would lean more towards human causes, carbon dioxide , here is a good example: the exhaust from cars and power plants that pollute our air. Which side of the debate would you take? One in respect to thinking that global warming is a serious problem, then again maybe global warming has only clouded the issue or in simple terms; how the climate system really works and why man’s role in global warming is more myth than science, and how the global warming hype ha s corrupted Washington and the scientific community. Let’s start off by looking at what the United States Government’s position is on global warming: If you look at the Energy Act of 2005, (www. epa. ov), it states: â€Å"The President shall establish a Committee on Climate Change Technology which shall submit to the secretary and the President a national strategy to promote the deployment and commercialization of greenhouse gas intensity reducing technologies and practices. † The reasons are numerous, the biases in governmental funding of scientific research, leads us to the misconceptions about science and basic economics. From Al Gore to Leonardo DiCaprio, the climate change industry has given a platform to leading figures from all walks of life, as pandering politicians, demagogues, and biased scientists orge a self-interested movement whose proposed policy initiatives could ultimately devastate the economics of those developing countries they purport to aid . Hopefully we will see the much needed wake up call for all of us here on planet earth. (Honer, C. C. , 2007, pp 163-171. ) Next we’ll take a look at Issue 8: Is Global Warming Skepticism Just Smoke and Mirrors? According to Easton, T. A. , 2009, pgs 136-165, â€Å"Debate over the reality of the global warming trend and its significance for humanity and the environment has been rigorous. But the data are now very clear. † The issue takes sides between Seth Schulman et al, of Course Seth Schulman supports ExxonMobil, but that shouldn’t surprise you; who take a Yes on the issue verses Ivan Osorio, Iain Murray Myron Ebell, all Global Warming Skeptics, who take a no on the issue. As we go through the issues on global warming we will see why this is an issue in the first place and see how and why each opposing side believes strongly with their individual views, the question that comes up will be what side of the issue would you debate? Manmade global warming is a danger to humanity and the environment and it must be stopped. The claim represents a leap of faith from what science tells us is theoretically impossible, to a belief in the worst case scenario in which Mother Earth punishes us for our sins against her and the world is destroyed. Nowhere is this leap of faith better illustrated than in Al Gore’s movie, â€Å"An Inconvenient Truth†. A dramatic video of weather events that occur naturally every day and then suddenly becomes evidence for global warming. Floods? Global warming. Droughts? Global warming. Ice Caving off of the glaciers and falling into the ocean? Global warming. Hurricanes? Global warming. Do you see a pattern here? Global warming. What’s sad is that children are being educated by teachers who are requiring their students to watch Mr. Gore’s movie. Mr. Gore has admitted that the issue is a spiritual one for him. He is spreading the word, calling on humanity to avert the climatic catacl ysm that is just around the corner. He is even training hundreds of disciples to go throughout the world, warning of the coming of an environmental apocalypse. All we need to do to be saved from the heat of global warming is to use more compact fluorescent light bulbs, hybrid cars, and purchase carbon offsets from his company. Sounds good doesn’t it? I will admit that harmful global warming is indeed a possible outcome of mankind’s emissions of greenhouse gases from fossil fuel use. I also think that climate change is indeed a moral issue, however, not the one that Mr. Gore claims it is. Because of humanity’s emissions of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels, many scientists are predicting dramatic weather changes ahead. Depending upon which scientists you believe, the extra carbon dioxide we are putting in the atmosphere could melt the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, flooding coastal locations worldwide. It could shut down the Atlantic Gulf Stream and oceanic thermohaline circulation, triggering the rapid onset of a new Ice Age. Global weather circulation changes could cause more severe floods and droughts, altering or even destroying entire ecosystems. (King, D Walker G, 2008, pp 66-69. ) The western world’s fear of global warming and its effects has reached the point of being an obsession. The media is more than willing to spread, and even amplify, the fear that humanity is filling up the Earth, pushing it beyond its ability to sustain life. So now humans are being blamed for every hurricane, tornado, tsunami, earthquake, flood, and drought that occurs. I believe that the environmental fears that have consumed the western world stem from two central beliefs. The first is that the Earth is fragile and needs to be protected, even to the detriment of humans if necessary. Many people feel like the climate system is being pushed beyond its limits, past some imaginary tipping point from which there will be n o return. The second belief is that the increasing wealth of nations is bad for the environment. Since technology and our desire for more stuff are to blame for environmental problems. Forecasting the future is risky business. Growth rates for greenhouse-gas concentrations and MGT could decline from those at present due to unanticipated innovations or natural events. For example, volcanoes can spew enough ash into the atmosphere to block sunlight and temporarily reduce MGT slightly. However, short-term continued growth at current rates is probably an under estimate. Although population growth rate has slowed, the population is still growing. The dominating factor is that per-capita energy and resource consumption rates are increasing much faster than the population. This is not only due to anticipated increases in standards of living in underdeveloped countries, but also to future increases in the demand for energy in the developed countries an example is air conditioning as s ummer temperatures rise. Since most of the energy will come from fossil fuels, at least for the next few decades, we can expect the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and MGT to rise in the short-term future at a faster rate than they have recently. As MGT rises, water vapors will become a more and more significant factor due to increased evaporation. Already, there is a suspicion that, since 1975, the persistent El Nino is the first sign of the relation between global warming and climate (Tennesen, 2007, pp 127-138). As MGT increases further, we can expect more frequent and severe hurricanes and perpetual summertime droughts in many places, particularly in the US Midwest. Paradoxically, more intense winter storms will occur in some places and climatic conditions for agriculture will improve in some areas, such as in Russia (King, D Walker G, 2008, pp 128-132). There has been considerable debate over the ecosystems carrying capacity for humans. If we define that c arrying capacity as the level that the ecosystem can support without changing state more than it has over the duration of human history, then we exceeded that capacity in 1975. The Arctic ice-cap would begin to melt and the permafrost under the tundra would start thawing out. As a consequence, a thick layer of rotting peat would contribute further to atmospheric concentrations. With a number of human-made and natural positive-feedback elements in operation simultaneously, a threshold could be crossed. (Horner, C. C. , 2007, pp 252-256. ) Are these risks that we should be willing to take for the sake of short- term gains? Naturally global warming is taking place, no one is denying that, however, we can be skeptical of the theory that all of global warming is caused by mankind, or that we understand the climate system and our future technological state well enough to make predictions of global warming in the next 50 -100 years, or that we need to reduce fossil fuel use now. There a re two themes in environmentalist rhetoric that seek to discredit the so called skeptics in the world on global warming issues. The first is that corporations with lots of wealth buy influence from skeptics, and therefore they can’t be trusted. The second is that skeptics use scientific disinformation in their attempts to undermine the scientific consensus that global warming is real. Corporations recognize the need for government sponsored research to help answer scientific questions since that research is presumably unbiased, however, the government funding of researchers is definitely biased toward work that demonstrates that global warming is a threat, since this helps to maintain research programs at NASA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the EPA, and the Department of Energy. Wood, B. D. , 2007, pp 552-568. ) For many years now, well over $100 million a year has been flowing from the federal government to environmental lobby groups. The federal go vernment routinely funds so called nongovernmental organizations that turn right around and lobby the government to support environmental causes that the NGO depends upon for their survival. Therefore the conclusion is that the environmental movement is indeed a huge financial machine with all the power and influence that comes with money. Some questions we really need answers to in order to really discuss this issue fairly are: How much of the Earth’s current warmth is a result of natural processes versus the activities of mankind? How bad will global warming be in the future? And most importantly what can and should be done about it? Can you answer these questions? While science can give us some useful information on the threat of global warming, it has nothing to say about any responses to it. Science is values- neutral and policy-neutral. Instead, what should be done about global warming comes from people’s belief systems: heir opinions of the proper role of gov ernment, understanding economics, and even their religious faith and of course the world’s view. We are well past the time to debate the science of climate change. It is now time to take advantage of the opportunity we have to build a cleaner, safer, more efficient world. For those who don’t know the science very well, the measure of the CO2 in the world’s atmosphere currently stands at 385 parts per million (ppm). Pre-industrial levels were around 280 ppm. The last time atmospheric concentrations were this high was at least 650,000 years ago. Over the last 100 years, average global temperatures have risen by almost one degree. All 10 of the hottest years on record have occurred since 1990. (King, S. D. Walker, G, 2008, pp77-78. )Meanwhile, the earth’s glaciers are melting faster, animal species are collapsing, and weather patterns are becoming more severe. These facts compel action. And so the question is not whether climate change is real, but how q uickly we can respond. We have the opportunity to transform the world from a dependence on dirty, inefficient fuel, to clean, sustainable energy. We also have the opportunity to leave this world cleaner, and safer for generations to come. Working to save our children, and our grandchildren, from the worst effects of climate change is something that many would agree is worth our effort. The fact is that spewing trillions of tons of carbon dioxide gas into the air is not normal. CO2 has an atmospheric lifespan of a century. Atmospheric CO2 levels have risen from 280 parts per million in volume in the 19th century to the current level of 385 parts per million. (Horner, C. C. , 2007, pp 114-117. )Stock exchange numbers are not a basis for addressing this crisis. Let’s review the basic concepts involved on global warming. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, which means it tends to warm the lower atmosphere. Mankind is putting more and more of it into the atmosphere from comb ustion of fossil fuels, at a rate of 1 molecule of CO2 per 100,000 molecules of air every 5 years. This causes a slight change in the alleged radiative energy balance at the top of the atmosphere. This imbalance causes the atmosphere to warm up until the out flowing infrared radiation that cools the Earth once again balances the absorbed sunlight that warms the Earth. This is the basic explanation of how manmade global warming works. (Jones, D. K. , 1993, pp 124-130) According to our text Cunningham M. A. , Cunningham W. P, 2009, pp 43, â€Å"Materials that store carbon, including geologic formations and standing forests, are known as carbon sinks. When Carbon is released from these sinks, as when we burn fossil fuels and inject CO2 into the atmosphere, or when we clear extensive forests, natural recycling may not be able to keep up. This is the root of the global warming problem. There is very little scientific disagreement over the fact that the extra carbon dioxide mankind is emitting is causing a slight enhancement of the Earth’s natural greenhouse effect. The good news is that, even if global warming ends up being a real problem, we are already doing something to solve the problem. New and cleaner ways of providing energy that humanity needs are now being actively researched and developed. The U. S. government is investing hundreds of millions of your tax dollars each year in new energy technology research. Private industry is also investing in research, knowing that there will be great profit potential for anyone who develops new energy technologies, since everyone needs energy. We have now approached a decision point. Do we want to solve the global warming problem, or just pretend we are doing something about it? Do we want humanity to thrive, or to wither? As the calls for action to fight global warming become louder and more shrill, it is imperative that the public start asking two critical questions: How much will the proposed solution cost? And how much future warming will it alleviate? We must not let the pushers of harmful and impotent policies get their way with feel good platitudes and generalities about addressing the problem. I often wonder what motivates politicians and environmentalists who advocate policies that only doomed to failure, but also hurt so many other people, especially the poor. No matter what your view is I hope that I have shed some light onto the issues of global warming. REFERENCES Cunningham, M. A. Cunningham, W. P. , 2009, â€Å"Principles of Environmental Science Inquiry Applications†, pp 43-370 Easton T. A. , 2009, â€Å"Taking Sides Clashing Views on Environmental Issues†, pp 136-165 Horner, C. C. , 2007, â€Å"The Politically Incorrect Guide to Global Warming and Environmentalism†, pp 114-256 Jones, D. K. , 1993, â€Å"the Geographical Journal, Vol. 159, No. 2†, pp 124-130 King S. D. Walker G, 2008, â€Å"The Hot Topic†, pp 66-132 Tennese n, M. , 2004, â€Å"The complete Idiot’s Guide to Global Warming†, pp 3-208 Wood, B. D. , 2007, â€Å"American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 51, No. 3†, pp 552-568 https://www. epa. gov/oust/fedlaws/publ_109-058. pdf Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Is Global Warming Skepticism Just Smoke and Mirrors?" essay for you Create order

Cultural Culture And Its Impact On Our Multicultural World

The world we inhabit today is home to many different individuals representing several cultural and ethnic backgrounds that are all distinct from one another in some shape or form. In today’s modern world, there are struggles between preserving cultural practices and conforming to the notion of â€Å"progress†. Progress, at its core, implies subjectivity. The word is open to interpretation by whomever, both having positive and negative impacts on our multicultural world. The positives usually come in the form of better technologies, infrastructure, and medicines. These all promote a sense of easier living as they all ease the hardships each individual has to go through on a daily basis. However, the negatives that come along with progress are more complicated than its counterpart. Since our view of progress is skewed, we, as individuals living in a first-world country, typically view progress as something that makes living day to day easier. Yet, for the underdeveloped c ountries, the same scale cannot be used. A cell phone, for example, doesn’t have much use in the middle of the African Sahara. However, a cell phone used in the middle of New York City, New York may be of incredible use. The way we scope progress from our first-world perspective causes us to believe something that is different from what we consider the norm, is somehow beneath us. Popular consumer cultural and our mode of democracy causes us to believe that freedom and productivity are the only ways to achieve trueShow MoreRelatedEssay about Improving Education through Cultural Diversity1087 Words   |  5 PagesIn today’s society, cultural diversity is important as it was many centuries ago. According to dictionary, cultural diversity is the coexistence of different culture, ethnic, race, gender in one specific unit. In order, for America to be successful, our world must be a multicultural world. 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The Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne - 1496 Words

Everyone sins. This is a well-known and true fact. Whether it is lying to a peer or causing a car accident, everybody sins everyday. The early Puritans of the 16th century were strong believers in everyday sin and writers showed the Puritan way of life in their books, many of which are considered classics. Three characters in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter—Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Pearl—all represent a sin that is revealed through their actions or the actions of others. Hester Prynne’s sin of adultery is revealed to all at the beginning of the novel. Because her sin is revealed, she can peacefully live her life without the shame of unspoken sin. People still judge her harshly, but she can stand upright before them†¦show more content†¦She is cast out by the people in the town, yet continues to serve in the community as best she can. She is a righteous woman who willingly chose to commit adultery and is working to repent or s how her remorse by serving others. In a conversation between Chillingworth and Dimmesdale, they discuss the attitude of Hester. Chillingworth asks if Hester is less miserable by revealing her sin because she â€Å"hath none of that mystery of hidden sinfulness which [is deemed] so grievous to be borne† (123). Dimmesdale agrees â€Å"it must needs be better for the sufferer to be free to show his pain, as this poor woman Hester is, than to cover it up in his heart† (123). These men agree Hester is happier because she has revealed her sin and does not live with the anguish of a hidden transgression. She does, however, have to live with the people who have judged her harshly for her actions. â€Å"Every gesture, every word, and even the silence of those with whom she came in contact, implied, and often expressed, that she was banished† (77-78). Yet even in her banishment, Hester â€Å"bestowed all her superfluous means in charity† (77) and sews clothes for t he poor, who also resented her. Even though Hester has revealed her sin and feels like a better person herself, the people treat her badly now that they know her horrible sin and her future seems inauspicious. She also feels like a better person because she has

Accounting Theory Basic Sciences & Applied Research

Question: Discuss about theAccounting Theoryfor Basic Sciences Applied Research. Answer: Introduction The research paper has critically reviewed and analysed the literature related to positive accounting after its development by Watts and Zimmerman in 1970s. The research paper has suggested some measures that can be undertaken for improving researches in the accounting settings. The research article revolves around the argument whether positive accounting theory is effective in attaining scientific objectives of accounting research. The argument has been analysed from various perspectives in the research article through the help of views and opinions of different authors. The research study attempts to explain the accounting method to be selected for carrying an accounting research for achieving its scientific objectives appropriately. The contribution of positive accounting theory in the field of accounting after its development has been analysed in detail in the report. The importance and deficiencies in positive accounting theory are identified and discussed in the overall researc h article. The main purpose of the research article is to propose some better theoretical models to be used in the field of accounting that can appropriately achieve its scientific objectives (Dunmore, 2009). In this context, the present essay aims to provide a critical analysis of the research article Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research. The critical analysis of the article is done through summarising its main points, identifying the research question, discussing its theoretical framework, analysing the significance and limitations of the article. Summary of the Article The overall findings generated through the research article has been summarised in this section. It has been analysed through the critical analysis of the research article that positive accounting theory is regarded as one of the most influential theory in the field of accounting research. It has proved to be largely beneficial by the management of complex business organisations in selection of appropriate accounting choices for carrying out their daily business operations. The theory of positive accounting developed by Watts and Zimmerman is contradictory to that of normative accounting theory. The accountants initially use the concept of normative accounting theory before the development of positive accounting theoretical model. Normative accounting theory was mainly developed on the basis of accounting principles and as such is mainly theoretical based (Dunmore, 2009). On the contrary, positive accounting theory is developed on the basis of scientific phenomena and thus was believed to be largely effective for achieving accounting research objectives. The field of accounting is more practical based and has less reliance on theoretical concepts. Thus, positive accounting theory after is development was used largely by the researchers in comparison to normative accounting theory. However, the various deficiencies identified in the positive accounting theory have questioned its reliability on attaining scientific objectives of accounting research (Rhonheimer, 2000). Thus, various criticisms received by the positive accounting research have become the main reason for researchers to adopt better theoretical models. The author in the research article has proposed the use of better and improved theoretical models in comparison to that of positive accounting research for accounting settings. Thus, ontology and epistemology of positive accounting has been a nalysed and examined in detail in the research article (Dunmore, 2009). Research Question The research question as identified from the analysis of the article is What is the contribution of positive accounting theory in the field of accounting research.? In the context of this main research question, the article has also aimed to provide answer to the following sub-research questions: What is meant by the concept of incorporating positive approach in accounting settings? What is the importance and deficiencies of positive accounting theory in accounting settings? Does there is need of adopting better theoretical approaches in the field of accounting for achieving its scientific objectives? The research questions are identified by analysing and examining the literature review of the research article. All the questions are based on the overall discussion held in the literature review section. The literature review analyses the concept of positive accounting research through examining its importance and deficiencies from the views and opinions of different authors. Thus, all these questions have merged from the theoretical framework of the overall literature review of the research article (Dunmore, 2009). Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework of the research article is based on the approach of positive accounting used by the researchers for carrying accounting researches. It has been analysed from the views and opinions of different authors discussed in the theoretical framework section that positive accounting theory is not so effective in accounting settings. Watts and Zimmerman have proposed that positive accounting theory is based on scientific phenomena and as such is largely useful for testing accounting predictions. However, there has been various criticism received against the theory as to be more rhetorical than practical based (Dunmore, 2009). The researchers have claimed that positive accounting theory is not so effective in testing practical accounting predictions. The author in the overall literature review section has emphasised that positive accounting theory needs modifications in order to be successful in imitating natural science (Porta and Keating, 2008). The various authors in the theoretical framework of the resrch article have regarded the contribution of the theory in accounting to be negligible and thus it has not attained a legitimate place in accounting. The theory of positive accounting is limited only to study accounting practices but its practical implementation has not been successful (Chatfield and Vangermeersch, 2014). As depicted from the theoretical framework of the research article, positive accounting theory is based on value judgement and thus cannot be stated to be based on scientific based. The theory of positive accounting provides value judgment to the managers for selecting appropriate accounting method for maximising business performance. Thus, it is regarded as more of theoretical based and less practical oriented (Deegan, 2014). The reliability of positive accounting research is also questioned on the basis of appropriateness of natural sciences for studying the concept of social phenomena. Some authors regarded this as appropriate while some are against this argument (Ghnabari et al., 2016). In this context, Popper has stated that all scientific theories have evolved over a period of time through accumulation of either qualitative or quantitative data. The methodology of development of a scientific theory a proposed by popper can be divided into four steps. The first step involves obs erving carefully and developing preliminary ideas. The next step is to develop a theory on the basis of the empirical evidences. The theory developed should be developed on predictions that can be tested and as such should be quantitative predictions. This is followed by testing the predictions of the new theory developed with those of previous theories for accepting or rejecting the particular theory developed. Thus, Popper has claimed that this form the basis of accepting or rejecting a particular theory. Large number of theories is disapproved on the process and only small number of theories proves to be effective in meeting all these requirements (Dunmore, 2009). This clearly states that positive accounting theory needs to be tested on all the above parameters before its acceptance in accounting settings. This approach used by Popper is regarded as falsification criterion on the basis of which theories are regarded a true or false. Popper has regarded positive accounting theory to be not scientifically based as it is not based on quantitative testable predictions. The theoretical framework has also suggested analytical modelling for making a successful positive research program. This involves collection and testing of data before developing a theoretical model (Dunmore, 2009). Positive accounting theory is used by management for selecting an accounting method to be used for maximising a firm performance. As such, it is largely essential that it should be more practical based in comparison to having a rhetorical approach. This can be done by measuring and testing accounting predictions before selecting an accounting method. Thus, positive acco unting theory need to be improved so that it involves testing accounting predictions and provides an appropriate selection of accounting method for the management (Bazrafshan and Talebina, 2016). Significance and Limitations of the Article The research article is highly significant as it helped in developing the deficiencies in positive accounting approach that needs to be improved. It has provided an in-depth understanding about the concept of positive approach in accounting and the need of better theoretical models to be used in accounting. The research article will prove to be largely useful for the future researchers to examine and evaluate the appropriateness of positive accounting theory to be used in accounting settings. It will form a base for the future researchers to find empirical evidences against positive accounting theory and thus selection of more appropriate theoretical model to be used in accounting research. However, there are several limitations of the research article as analysed during its critical analysis. The major limitation of the research article is that its literature is limited and does not provide detailed understanding about the various aspects of positive accounting research (Dunmore, 20 09). The theoretical framework of the research article is wide but is not synchronised in a proper way. It does not give a proper understanding of the main problems in the concept of positive approach in accounting to the readers. Thus, the literature review section of the research article lacks a detailed analysis that would have been useful for the readers to understand the research topic in a proper way. Also, the research study is mainly subjective in nature and does not have any objectivity. This is due to collection and analysis of only secondary data in the research study through the help of literary sources. There is no practical evidence that presents the accounting problems encountered through the use of positive accounting approach (Dunmore, 2009). The research study is s mainly qualitative and does not undertake any type of quantitative analysis for carrying out the research study. The quantitative analysis can be done through collecting primary data for providing practical evidence in relation to the research topic. This will enhance the credibility and reliability of the research study in the mind of future researchers. However, the research work is mainly based on the views and opinions of other authors and thus lacks reliance. This limits the usefulness of the present research work for future researches that will be conducted in this context. The presence of practical evidence for supporting theoretical findings is necessary for maintaining the credibility of the research work. Thus, it will prove to be a major limitation of the research article impacting its significance for the future researches (Dunmore, 2009). Conclusion The author through the research article has proposed the adoption of a combination of various accounting methods for the purpose of accounting research. This is mainly due to several deficiencies in the theory of positive accounting as discussed in the overall research article. The weaknesses of positive accounting theory need to be improved so that it proves to be effective in accounting research for achieving its objectives. The outcomes achieved through positive accounting theory implementation should be more scientifically based as recommended by the author in the research article. The overall critical analyses of the research article have helped in developing an understanding of the concept of positive accounting approach. The contribution and limitations of the theory are analysed for developing an understanding of the positive accounting theory. The critical analysis will help in understanding the difference between scientific and societal theory. This will help in selection o f the most appropriate theory as per the situation given. Also, the critical analysis has also helped in gaining knowledge of various theoretical models that are used in accounting settings. The detailed understanding of positive accounting theory will prove to be largely beneficial in understanding various concepts in accounting field. References Bazrafshan, M. and Talebina, G. 2016. Challenges Positive Accounting Theory. International Journal of Basic Sciences Applied Research 5 (2), pp. 119-122. Chatfield, M. and Vangermeersch, R. 2014. The History of Accounting (RLE Accounting): An International Encylopedia. Routledge. Deegan, C. 2014. Financial Accounting Theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Dunmore, P.V. 2009. Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research. Ghnabari, M. et al. 2016. PAT (Positive Accounting Theory) and Natural Science. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 10(2), pp. 177-182. Porta, D.D. and Keating, M. 2008. Approaches and Methodologies in the Social Sciences: A Pluralist Perspective. Cambridge University Press. Rhonheimer, M. 2000. Natural Law and Practical Reason: A Thomist View of Moral Autonomy. Fordham Univ Press.

Report on 3d Bio Printer free essay sample

A 3D Bio-Printer is a device, in which, a Human Organ is scanned, and a 3D dimension of a brand new organ is created and printed using the person’s own cell or stem cells as â€Å"ink. † With just a small amount of cell used from the patient’s body. 1 The 3D bio-printers include a software interface that allows engineers to build a model of the tissue construct before the printer commences the physical constructions of the organs cell-by-cell using the automated, laser-calibrated print heads. The printer is the result of collaboration between Australian engineering firm Invetech, and Organovo, a regenerative medicine company based in San Diego, California. Organovo selected Invetech in May 2009 as its technology development partner and asked the company to design and develop a highly integrated, extremely reliable and simple to use 3D bio-printer system, which could then be transferred to manufacture and commercial sale. Now, just eight months later, Invetech has delivered the first production model 3D bio-printer to Organovo. We will write a custom essay sample on Report on 3d Bio Printer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Invetech plan to ship a number of 3D bio-printers to Organovo during 2010 and 2011 and Organovo will be placing the printers globally with research institutions investigating human tissue repair and organ replacement. 2 Organovo CEO, Keith Murphy, says the bio-printer represents a breakthrough because they provide for the first time a flexible technology platform for organizations working on many different types of tissue construction and organ replacement. 3 The advantage of using a bioprinter is that it eliminates the need for a scaffold, so Dr Atala, too, is experimenting with inkjet technology. Scientists and researchers will have the power to create organs to use as well, simply for testing medical products. Researchers don’t need to use the animals anymore! So, it won’t be long when the time comes that all you have to do is make a phone call or a simple trip to the doctor’s office when you need new organs. The thought of being able to grow organs gives me goosebumps. However, if this technology is controlled and used properly, as I’ve said, the possibilities are endless.